Stent Thrombosis after Rescue Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

INTRODUCTION

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), if performed in a timely fashion, is the recommended reperfusion strategy for most patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) [1]. Intracoronary stenting became the standard of care as it has been associated with greater efficacy and lower rate of early re-occlusion and late restenosis significantly reducing the need for repeat target vessel revascularization compared to balloon angioplasty [2, 3]. Compared with bare metal stents (BMS), drug-eluting stents further reduce these complications [4, 5]. However, although uncommon, intracoronary stenting has been associated with an increased risk of stent thrombosis (ST). ST is a potentially life-threatening complication presenting either as myocardial infarction (MI) or death. Moreover, the emergence of drug-eluting stents (DES) has raised concerns regarding an increased rate of late and very late stent thrombosis [6, 7].

Since there has been a paucity of articles on ST in the Middle East region, the aim of our study was to determine the incidence of ST in patients with acute STEMI focusing on the timing and predictors of ST in Middle Eastern.

METHODS

This is an observational study which was conducted in Salmaniya Medical Complex; the largest multi-specialty secondary and tertiary hospital in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The hospital covers the whole Kingdom with a catchment area of 800,000 of the population. In our study we have included all consecutive patients who presented with STEMI and underwent thrombolytic therapy (TT), from May 2009 until December 2011. Patients were followed up for two years until May 2013. A total of 510 patients were enrolled with (109 subjects underwent coronary angiography and only 100 had rescue PCI with intracoronary stent placement out of the 510 thrombolysis patients). The study was approved by the Secondary Care Medical Research Subcommittee in the Ministry of Health at the Kingdom Of Bahrain. The data were extracted from our ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction registry data. All patients presented with STEMI and received TT, all patients went for rescue PCI were included and followed up. All information of the incident admission were collected including, patient demographics (i.e. age, nationality, and gender), full cardiovascular history (past stable or unstable angina, heart failure, coronary artery bypass surgery and history of PCI), data related to prior stenting procedure, pre-admission medication history, blood chemistries (including renal function, cardiac enzymes, and lipid panel), cardiac markers of Troponin and CKMB, and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) if available (measuring left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF%)). Furthermore, the procedural and angiographic characteristics of the cardiac catheterization and intervention were reviewed by obtaining the full angiographic report and by reviewing the angiographic study, if available in the patient’s charts. The study outcomes were re-infarction episode i.e. STEMI, non-STEMI and left bundle branch block myocardial infarction (LBBB-MI), death and documented stent thrombosis in any future coronary angiography and PCI for any ACS episode.

Definition of Stent Thrombosis: ST was categorized according to the timing after the initial PCI and to the evidence of ST based on the Academic Research Consortium (ARC) definition of ST [8]. Events occurring within the first 24 hours of stent implantation were considered to represent acute ST, with sub-acute occurring between 24 hours and 30 days, late between 30 days and one year and very late after one year.

The Definite ST was defined as the presence of angiographic confirmation of a thrombus that originates in the stent or in the segment 5 mm proximal or distal to the stent, with or without vessel occlusion, which is associated with acute onset of ischemic symptoms at rest or ECG signs of acute ischemia or typical rise and fall of in cardiac biomarkers within 48 hours of angiography or pathologic confirmation of ST determined at autopsy or from tissue obtained following thrombectomy. While probable was defined as unexplained death occurring within 30 days after the index procedure, or an MI occurring at any time after the index procedure that was documented by ECG or imaging to occur in an area supplied by the stented vessel in the absence of angiographic confirmation of stent thrombosis or other culprit lesion. Possible ST was defined as unexplained death occurring more than 30 days after the index procedure [8].

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The overall ST incidence was calculated from the total number of the screened patients who underwent PCI and stent placement. Demographic and other clinical characteristics of patients with and without ST were compared between patients. Categorical variables are presented as raw numbers and percentages and were compared with the X² test or Fisher exact test. Continuous variables are presented as mean ±SD and were compared with the Student t test. All statistical tests were 2-tailed with a P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted using IBM^® SPSS^® Statistics 20 Software.

RESULTS

Characteristics of the Study Patients: Between May 2009, and December 2011 a total of 510 patients presenting with STEMI and undergoing TT were enrolled. Out of the 510 patients, PTCA was performed in 109 subjects among whom intra-coronary stenting was performed in 100. Among those patients undergoing stenting, 54 patients received a DES and 46 patients had a BMS. The mean age of the patients was 51 years, and 91.6% were men. Hypertension and diabetes were present in approximately one third of the study population, 33.5% and 34.5% respectively, and nearly half of the patients (53.5%) were current smokers (Table 1).

Stent Thrombosis: By using the ARC definition of stent thrombosis, we report an overall rate of ST of 13.7%. During the study period, 8 subjects presented to the emergency room at our centre with ST while 7 subjects had ST during the follow-up period. Among the 15 patients with ST, definite ST was present in 6 patients (5.5%), probable ST in 8 patients (7.3%), and possible ST in one patient (0.9%). Acute ST occurred in one patient (0.9%); sub-acute ST occurred in one patient (0.9%); late ST occurred in 3 patients (2.8%); and very late ST occurred in 9 patients (8.3%).

Predictors of Stent Thrombosis:In Table 2 the clinical, angiographic and procedural correlates of ST are shown compared with patients without ST. Those with ST had a higher trend rate of prior MI (P=0.08), and a significant history of coronary artery disease with previous revascularization (i.e. PCI (P=0.001) or CABG (P=0.002)), and history of heart failure (P=0.04). Other baseline clinical characteristics and laboratory data were comparable between the two groups (Table 2). Pre- and Post-PCI angiographic data and Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Flow Grade were comparable between the two groups. Neither glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors nor Intra-aortic Balloon Pump usage had significant effect on the incidence of stent thrombosis.

DISCUSSION

To our knowledge, this is the first study on ST in the Gulf States region to date. We have included and analyzed a cohort of 510 patients who presented with STEMI and received initially TT with a follow-up period of 2 years. In our study the overall incidence of ST according to the ARC definitions was 13.7% and the very late ST was the commonest. We did encounter in the literature a case report from the region on very late ST, in a 41 years-old Arab male who underwent multivessel PCI with sirolimus-eluting stent (SES), the risk profile of the described case is not far from our cohort risk profile and clinical presentation [9].

The Gulf Registry of Acute Coronary Events (Gulf RACE); a prospective, multinational study of all consecutive patients hospitalized with a final diagnosis of ACS in 6 Arab countries, gave us an insight to our population in the gulf region [10]. Some of the factors that may have played a major role in our patients presentation were delayed presentation and missed reperfusion therapy as nearly one-third of STEMI patients in the Arab Middle East presented to the hospital >12 hours after symptom onset which was associated with increased in-hospital mortality, cardiogenic shock, and new-onset heart failure [11] .Furthermore, in regard to the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) utilization by patients with ACS in the Arab Middle East, it has been shown that only 17% of hospitalized patients presented by EMS and those who presented by EMS were significantly less likely to exhibit major delay in presentation with a higher likelihood of receiving coronary reperfusion therapy in a timely fashion [12] . These factors may have played a role in our study population presentation and contribute to the likelihood of receiving appropriate therapy and treatment delivery. Hence, cardiac catheterization among patients with ACS in the Middle East is under utilized as compared with Western countries with an overall rate of 20% of all ACS presentations [13]. This underutilization of the cardiac catheterization facilities is another caveat in our data and this shown clearly from the total number of catheterized patients in our cohort.

In an attempt for a comparison between the in-hospital outcomes of primary PCI and the usage of TT in STEMI patients in the Middle East, we found that the overall rate of reperfusion therapy was 92%; (8 % PPCI and 84 % TT), and it showed clearly that the main reperfusion strategy for STEMI patients in the Arab Middle East region is TT [14]. By this means, re-infarction in previously stented patients may not undergo cardiac catheterization and to be given the benefit of early reperfusion by mechanical and endovascular means. By taking these regional medical health facts and the probable outcomes that may arise from them we still believe that our reported data in this study is a “real-world” and a reflection of the practice not only in our state level but regional level as well.

An overall 5.5% incidence of definite ST at two years is relatively higher than that reported in large registries and randomized trials. Both in the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry (SCAAR) and in The Dutch stent thrombosis registry [15, 16], the rate of definite stent thrombosis was 1.2% while in The HORIZONS-AMI trial the incidence was 4.4% [17]. The higher rate of ST in our study could be related to the small study population compared with the above mentioned trials. Other plausible explanations are noncompliance with antiplatelet therapy and the higher prevalence of antiplatelet hyporesponsiveness or resistance in our populations as compared with western populations due to genetic polymorphisms [18]. Several studies have supported the clinical significance of antiplatelet resistance and in this regard a collaborative meta-analysis of 6 studies which included 3,059 patients with an objective of evaluating the impact of platelet reactivity on clinical outcomes after PCI concluded a significantly higher rate of ST in patients with higher on-treatment platelet reactivity [19]. A similar observation was made in The RECLOSE trial; a prospective study on the Incidence and Clinical Impact of Dual Nonresponsiveness to Aspirin and Clopidogrel in Patients With Drug-Eluting Stents; which concluded that dual nonresponsiveness was an independent predictor of DES thrombosis [20]. Again the data regarding the antiplatelet hyporesponsivness, genetic polymorphisms, and the liberal use of proton-pump inhibitors are limited and warrant further investigation in our region. However, with the newer generation antiplatelet therapy, the hyporespon-sivness and genetic polymorphisms may not have a major contribution in the future.

STUDY LIMITATION

The study is an observational registry and only included patients who presented with STEMI and underwent TT which is the mainstay reperfusion modality in the Gulf region [14]. Patients who may presented for the first or initial evaluation with unstable angina, non-STEMI and late-presentation STEMI or the one who did not received thrombolysis were not included, this may have affected the overall incidence. Furthermore, although the study was conducted in the main governmental hospital, patients may have presented to other private sector or other local or regional hospitals. Moreover, some patients might have missed follow up with our system. In addition, some of the predictor of ST may have been overcome in this study e.g. discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy at the follow up period and the non-responders to antiplatelet therapy.

CONCLUSION

ST is a detrimental complication in patients undergoing coronary intervention and is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Additional studies are warranted to have a closer look at physician’s experience and procedural characteristics and need to be confirmed in a trial adequately powered with a longer follow-up period in the Gulf region.

REFERENCES