Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in a Large Middle Eastern Cohort

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in a Large Middle Eastern Cohort

Muath Alanbaei1 , * Open Modal Alawi A Alsheikh-Ali2 Tareq Aleinati3 Mohammad Zubaid1 Mustafa Ridha4 Fahad Alenezi4 Wael Al-Mahmeed5 Kadhim Sulaiman6 Jawad Al-Lawati7 Haitham Amin8 Jassim Al Suwaidi9 Ahmed Al-Motarreb10
Authors Info & Affiliations
The Open Cardiovascular Medicine Journal • 30 Aug 2011 • RESEARCH ARTICLE • DOI: 10.2174/1874192401105010196

Abstract

Background:

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) can occur in patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In the Gulf Registry of acute coronary events (Gulf RACE), we identified the clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of these patients.

Methods:

Clinical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes for 461 ACS patients with prior CABG are compared to 7715 ACS patients without prior CABG enrolled from 64 hospitals in 6 Gulf countries over a 6-month period.

Results:

The overall incidence of ACS with prior CABG was 5.6% out of 8176 patients. The ACS with prior CABG were older (63 vs 55 years, P<0.0001), had more history of diabetes (62.3 vs 37.6%, P <0.0001), dyslipidemia (70.3 vs 29.5%, P<0.0001), and hypertension (75.7 vs 47.8%, P<0.0001) compared with the non-CABG group. They presented more frequently with dyspnea (14.8 vs 9.5%, P<0.0005), non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (41.4 vs 31.6%, P<0.0001) and echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction (49.4 vs 29.8%, P<0.0001) than ACS without prior CABG. They had a complicated in-hospital course with more recurrent ischemia (13.9 vs 9.3%, P=0.0011), heart failure (24.1 vs 15.7%), and stroke (2.2 vs 0.6%) compared with those without CABG. The in-hospital mortality rate was 5.6% in the CABG group compared with 3.5% in the ACS without prior CABG group. After adjusting for confounders, prior CABG was independently associated with recurrent ischemia and shock, more in patients presenting with ST elevation than non-ST elevation ACS.

Conclusions:

Patients with ACS and prior CABG are a high-risk group with poor outcomes irrespective of their older age and comorbidities. They should be identified and treated differently to improve their outcomes.

Keywords: Acute Coronary Syndrome, Angioplasty, Comorbidity, Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting, Risk factors, Stroke..

INTRODUCTION

Increasing numbers of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery was reported annually from the mid- to late-1990s in the United States and Europe [1]. Their benefit in reducing morbidity and mortality is documented [2, 3], with excellent short- and mid-term outcomes despite marked change in patient risk profiles and surgeons operating year-on-year on an increasing number of higher risk patients [4]. However, recurrent myocardial ischemia due to progression of atherosclerosis in the native coronaries or graft failure is common [5]. As a result the global burden of patients admitted with prior history of CABG and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has increased in recent years [6].

A few high quality prospective controlled studies have examined the clinical impact of ACS in patients with prior CABG [6-8]. However, none of these studies was performed in Middle Eastern Arab countries. We have previously demonstrated that our ACS patients have different characteristics and receive less aggressive interventions compared to western ACS patients, with only a minority of ACS patients undergoing coronary angiography during the index hospitalization [9]. The goal of this study was to examine the characteristics, clinical presentations, treatment, and in-hospital outcomes of ACS with prior CABG in our region.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

Study Population

The Gulf Registry of acute coronary events (Gulf RACE) is a 6-month prospective, multinational study of all consecutive patients hospitalized with the final diagnosis of ACS in 64 centers in 6 Arab Gulf countries (Kuwait, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Qatar and Bahrain). Patients were recruited in a pilot phase starting on 8 May 2006 for 30 days. This period was followed by 5 months recruitment starting on January 29, 2007. Full details of the methods have been previously published [9, 10]. The term ACS included unstable angina, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). For the purpose of this analysis, we examined patients with and without history of prior CABG surgery. The study received ethical approval from the institutional ethical bodies in all participating countries.

Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables are presented as median [25th - 75th percentiles], and compared with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical variables are presented as percentages, and compared with the Chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression examined the association between prior CABG and in-hospital outcomes adjusting for baseline characteristics that were significantly different at the univariate level between the 2 cohorts (with vs without prior CABG). To assess whether type of ACS (e.g. STEMI) modified the relationship between prior CABG and in-hospital outcomes, we tested for interaction with ACS type in the association between prior CABG and in-hospital outcomes. All associations from the logistic regression models are quantified as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). SAS 9.1 statistical package (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) was used for all analyses and a P < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

We enrolled 8,176 consecutive patients with ACS, of which 461 patients (5.6%) had prior CABG. Patients with prior CABG had significantly more adverse baseline characteristics than those without CABG (Table 1). When compared with non-CABG ACS patients, ACS patients with prior CABG were older [63 vs 55 years, p<0.0001], and significantly more likely to have had a prior history of angina, myocardial infarction (MI) and percutanous coronary intervention (PCI) [86.6 vs 37.7%; 66.8 vs 21.8%; 32.5 vs 10.5%, respectively, p<0.0001]. They were more likely to be type 2 diabetic, hypertensive and dyslipidemic [62.3 vs 37.6%; 75.7 vs 47.8%; 70.3 vs 29.5%, respectively, p< 0.0001]. Comorbidities including previous stroke and peripheral arterial disease were more prevalent in the CABG group compared with the non-CABG group [9.5 vs 4.3%; 9.5 vs 2.0% respectively, p<0.0001]. CABG patients had also more chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [8.9 vs 5.1%, p=0.001] and were more likely to have been on dialysis [2.0 vs 0.9%, p=0.046].

Table 1.

Baseline Patient Characteristics and Comorbidities of the Study Cohort

ACS without Prior CABG (n = 7,715) ACS with Prior CABG (n = 461) P
Demographics
Age, in years (range)
55 [47 – 64]
63 [56 – 70]
< 0.0001
Male % 76.0 71.4 0.03
Past Medical History (%)
Angina
37.7
86.6
< 0.0001
MI 21.8 66.8 < 0.0001
PCI 10.5 32.5 < 0.0001
Risk Factors (%)
Current smoker (within a year)
37.8
14.8
< 0.0001
DM I 1.5 2.6 0.0726
DM II 37.6 62.3 < 0.0001
Hypertension 47.8 75.7 < 0.0001
Dyslipidemia 29.5 70.3 < 0.0001
Comorbidities (%)
COPD
5.1
8.9
0.0012
Stroke 4.3 9.5 < 0.0001
Dialysis 0.9 2.0 0.047
PAD 2.0 9.5 < 0.0001

MI: myocardial infarction, PCI: percutanous coronary intervention, DM: diabetes mellitus, COPD: chronic obtructive pulmonary disease, PAD: periphral arterial disease.

Table 2.

Baseline Clinical Presentations, Investigations and Discharge Diagnosis of Study Cohort

ACS without Prior CABG ACS with Prior CABG P
Presentation (%)
Ischemic type chest pain
79.7
73.1
0.001
Atypical chest pain 6.6 5.9 0.63
Dyspnea 9.5 14.8 0.0005
Cardiac arrest 2.4 2.8 0.53
BP Mean (SD) mmHg
 Systolic 138 [120 - 160] 137 [120 - 160] 0.55
 Diastolic 80 [70 - 95] 80 [70 - 90] < 0.0001
Heart rate (mean) 83 [70 - 98] 80 [70 - 97] 0.20
Killip Classification (%) < 0.0001
Killip I 78.9 66.9
Killip II-IV 21.1 33.1
Echocardiographic findings
Echocardiogram done (%)
61.9
51.5
< 0.0001
LVEF ≤ 40% 29.8 49.4 < 0.0001
Discharge Diagnosis (%)STEMI
39.6
8.9
< 0.0001
NSTEMI 31.6 41.4 < 0.0001
UA 27.6 46.6 < 0.0001
LBBB MI 1.2 3.0 0.002
Lab. Investigations
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
4.6 [3.5-5.6]
4.3 [3.5-5.3]
< 0.0001
LDL (mg/dL) 3.1 [2.4-4.0] 2.8 [2.2-3.7] < 0.0001
HDL (mg/dL) 1.0 [0.8-1.2] 0.9 [0.8-1.2] 0.11
Triglycerides (mmol/L) 1.6 [1.1–2.3] 1.5 [1.1– 2.3] 0.54
Creatinine (µmol/L) 88 [62-106] 97 [70-123] < 0.0001

LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, NSTEMI: non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, UA: unstable angina, LBBB MI: left bundle branch block myocardial infarction, LDL: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Table 3.

Treatment Patterns for ACS Patients with and without Prior CABG

ACS without Prior CABG % ACS with Prior CABG % P
Coronary reperfusion in STEMI patients*
Thrombolytic therapy
59.8
48.7
0.16
Door to needle time (min) 45 [30 - 74] 64 [15 - 100] 0.64
Primary angioplasty 5.7 0 0.12
Door to balloon time (min) 75 [60 - 120] . .
Medications in the First 24 h (%)
Aspirin
97.9
96.5
0.047
Clopidogrel 53.2 56.0 0.25
Beta-blocker 65.3 60.5 0.034
ACE-I/ARB 67.3 75.1 0.0005
Statins 89.1 92.0 0.053
Heparin (unfractionated/LMWH) 92.5 89.9 0.049
Nitrates 80.8 89.3 < 0.0001
Diuretics 24.2 45.5 < 0.0001
Medications at Discharge (%)
Aspirin
94.1
90.4
0.002
Clopidogrel 49.6 50.1 0.58
Beta-blocker 75.5 67.0 < 0.0001
ACE-I/ARB 74.3 77.3 0.16
Statin 80.3 87.2 0.0003
Nitrates 68.5 81.3 < 0.0001
Diuretics 23.4 46.3 < 0.0001
Angiogram (onsite or after transfer) 19.6 15.9 0.045

STEMI: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, LMWH: low molecular weight heparin, ACE-I/ARB: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker.

* Of 3,096 patients with STEMI, 41 had a history of prior CABG.

Table 4.

In-Hospital Course and outcomes for ACS Patients with and without Prior CABG

ACS without Prior CABG % [n] ACS with Prior CABG % [n] P
Recurrent ischemia 9.3 13.9 0.001
Infarction/ Reinfarction 2.5 2.2 0.68
Heart failure 15.7 24.1 < 0.0001
Ventilation 4.6 8.3 0.0005
IABP use 0.7 0.7 0.99
Inotrope 7.4 11.5 0.001
Cardiogenic shock 5.0 7.0 0.059
Acute MR 1.0 0.9 0.82
VSD/LV Rupture 0.1 0.2 0.47
Major bleeding 0.6 2.2 0.0002
Stroke 0.6 2.2 < 0.0001
Death 3.5 5.6 0.019

IABP: intraaortic balloon pump, MR: mitral regurgitation, VSD/LV: ventricular septal defect/left ventricle.

Table 5.

Adjusted in-Hospital outcomes in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome and Prior CABG Compared with those without Prior CABG

In-Hospital Outcome Odds Ratio 95% CI P Interaction P
Death 1.55 0.95 – 2.54 0.08 0.096
Recurrent ischemia STEMI 4.08
NSTE-ACS 0.94		 2.27-7.33
0.66-1.33		 0.0004
NS		 < 0.0001
Cardiogenic shock STEMI 2.75
NSTE-ACS 0.85		 1.45-5.21
0.46-1.59		 <0.0001
NS		 0.009
Stroke 2.72 1.19 – 6.21 0.017 0.21
Major bleeding 3.03 1.33- 6.87 0.008 0.17

* The odds ratios are adjusted for age, gender, creatinine, ACS type (STEMI/LBBB MI vs NSTE-ACS) and all comorbidities, NS: non-significant.

Table 6.

Comparison of Gulf RACE with other Studies

Study Number(%) Death at 30 Days(%) Smoking(%) DM(%) HTN(%) Dyslipid(%) Angiogram(PCI) %
Brilakis et al. [7] 640 (7.4%) 8.1 21 29 69 84 Prove-it ? (20)
Labinaz et al. [18] 1784 (4%) 10.7 29.8 17.8 45.7 -- 62 (31)
Labinaz et al. [8] 1134 (12%) 5.2 18 32 62 58 63(29)
Berry et al. [6] 1026 (6.9%) 4.6 21 38 64 46 48(26)
Elbarasi et al. [20] 1193 (9.6%) 1.7 (in-Hosp) 15.3 37.4 68.5 75.2 45.2 (18)
Our Registry 461 (5.6%) 5.6 in-Hosp) 14.8 62.3 75.7 70.3 15.9 (Unknown)

Table 2 summarizes the data on clinical presentation and investigations. ACS patients with prior CABG were more likely to present with advanced Killip class II-IV (33.1 vs 21.1%, P < 0.0001) compared to ACS without prior CABG. Compared to the non-CABG patients, the CABG patients were more likely to present with UA and NSTEMI (46.6 vs 27.6%; 41.4 vs 31.6% respectively, p<0.0001). In addition, ACS patients with prior CABG were more likely to have left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF ≤ 40%: 49.4 vs 29.8%, P < 0.0001). On initial laboratory testing, the CABG patients tested with significantly lower levels of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and higher serum creatinine levels (P < 0.05).

Treatment patterns are presented in Table 3. For STEMI patients, approximately half of those with prior CABG received thrombolytic therapy (48.7%) with no significant difference between the CABG and non-CABG groups (P > 0.05). During the first 24 h following admission, CABG patients were more likely to be treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARB) (75.1 vs 67.3%, P< 0.05); diuretics (45.5 vs 24.2%, P < 0.0001) and nitrates (89.3 vs 80.8%, P < 0.0001) than patients without prior CABG, and slightly less likely to be treated with aspirin, beta-blockers and heparin. At the time of discharge, patients with prior CABG were less likely to be discharged on aspirin and beta-blockers, but more likely to be discharged on statins, nitrates and diuretics. Prior CABG patients compared with non-CABG patients underwent fewer coronary angiograms during the index hospitalization (15.9 vs 12.1%, P > 0.05) (Table 3).

ACS patients with CABG suffered more episodes of recurrent ischemia (Table 4) (13.9 vs 9.3%, P < 0.05), heart failure (24.1 vs 15.7%, P < 0.0001), and requiring ventilator support (8.3 vs 4.6%, P < 0.05). They received more inotropic support (11.5 vs 7.4%, P < 0.001), had higher rates of major bleeds (2.2 vs 0.6%, P < 0.05), strokes (2.2 vs 0.6%, P < 0.0001) and in-hospital mortality rate (5.6 vs 3.5%, P < 0.05) than the non-CABG patients.

In univariate analyses, patients with prior CABG were significantly more likely to have adverse events during their admission for ACS with significantly higher rates of recurrent ischemia, heart failure, requirement for mechanical ventilation and inotropic support, major bleeding, stroke and death (Table 4). After adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics and ACS type (Table 5), prior CABG was associated with about a 4-fold increased risk of recurrent ischemia and more than 2-fold increased risk of cardiogenic shock among patients with STEMI but not in patients NSTE-ACS (P for interaction <0.0001 and 0.0087, respectively). There was a trend for significant association between history of CABG and increased risk of death (OR 1.55, 95%CI 0.95-2.54, P=0.08).

DISCUSSION

Patient with prior CABG can develop acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [3, 11], with increasing numbers observed in recent years [5, 12-14]. Angiographic studies have demonstrated that vein graft occlusion and disease progression are temporally related to ACS. Between 10 and 15 years following surgery only 50-60% of vein grafts remain patent. Of these patent grafts, 45% showed angiographic evidence of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, 70% of these lesions reduce the graft lumen diameter by 50% or more [15-17].

The goal of the present analysis was to determine the clinical impact of ACS on a Middle Eastern cohort of patients with prior CABG. We found ACS patients with prior CABG were older and suffered from significantly more adverse comorbidities than the non-CABG ACS group. Stroke and PAD were more common, and the prior-CABG group had higher rates of angina, infarction and PCI suggesting that ACS CABG patients had a greater degree of coronary artery disease and generalized atherosclerosis. In addition, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidemia were more prevalent in this cohort. Our clinical findings are consistent with and confirm those from other reports [6, 8, 13, 18]; though among Middle Eastern patients our study uncovered a higher frequency of hypertension and diabetes than previously observed elsewhere [6-8, 19].

Although ACS patients with prior CABG in the Gulf RACE presented more frequently with NSTEMI, heart failure and ventricular dysfunction than those without prior CABG, the rate of coronary catheterization during the index hospitalization was low compared to other studies [20].

Patients with prior CABG also had a more complicated in-hospital course with frequent episodes of recurrent ischemia, heart failure, major bleeding, and stroke. Thrombolysis was used more often than reported in other registries [6], and almost half the CABG patients and 60% of the non-CABG patients with STEMI had thrombolysis. In comparison, in the GRACE Registry [21] one-third of the patients with STEMI did not undergo reperfusion therapy. Reperfusion therapy was less likely to be used on angina-free patients, the elderly and those with diabetes, heart failure, or a previous MI or CABG. In our study, contrary to our expectations, the ACS patients with prior CABG underwent fewer catheterizations during the index hospitalization than those without prior CABG.

Our data showed that history of prior CABG surgery is independently associated with a higher risk of recurrent ischemia, shock, bleeding and stroke after adjusting for baseline variables. Moreover, prior CABG was associated with high risk of shock and recurrent ischemia in patients presenting with STEMI and not in non-ST elevation MI. This could suggests that the mechanism of acute MI in prior CABG patients maybe different and needs aggressive reperfusion and revascularization therapy. In a study by Grines et al., acute MI in patients with prior CABG was mainly due to thrombotic occlusion of a saphenous vein graft and conventional thrombolytic therapy may not be sufficient [22].

Compared with the 5 other studies (Table 6) [6-8, 18, 20], our Registry had the smallest percentage of coronary angiography and intervention during the index hospitalization of patients with ACS and prior CABG. We found a significantly different distribution of risk factors compared with Western data. In our study, diabetes and hypertension were the highest observed comorbid conditions among all 6 groups while smoking and dyslipidemia were in the mid-range. The observed mortality in our group of 461 patients was in the mid-range of study results. Our in-hospital death rate was 5.6% while in the other studies it ranged from 1.7 to 10.7%, nonetheless how the comorbidities affect mortality should still be examined.

ACS patients with prior CABG are a high-risk group and require special attention to decrease and prevent morbidity and mortality. They have different demographic characteristic, noteworthy risk factors, a significant past CAD history, and multiple comorbidities. We found that this patient group is evaluated less aggressively. Mortality rates are increased in this patient type probably due to higher prevalence of comorbidities, more generalized degree of atherosclerosis and less aggressive intervention.

Several limitations should be considered. First, angiographic assessment of all patients, an important factor in the decision-making for patients who are not amenable for any further revascularization due to the aggressiveness of disease, is not known. Second, neither the time of the CABG surgery nor the type of vessel used (arterial or venous graft) is known making it impossible to assess the graft patency rate. Thirdly, eventhough its known that age and several risk factor like diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia negatively affect the patency rate of CABG we don’t have that data available. Despite these limitations, our findings were derived from a prospectively defined analysis of a large multi-centre registry and have important implications for management of ACS patients in real life.

CONCLUSIONS

Among the Gulf RACE cohort a history of prior CABG appears to have an important effect on prognosis in those who subsequently develop an ACS. Identifying this high-risk group will help improve treatment and prevention in the future.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks to Dr. Hisham Mahmoud (Medical Director – sanofi aventis, Gulf) for his support during the course of the study.

FUNDING

Gulf RACE is a Gulf Heart Association project and was financially supported by sanofi aventis and Qatar Telecommunications Company. The sponsors had no role in study design, data collection or data analysis. The sponsors had no role in the writing of the report and submission of the manuscript.

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